Research Interests (This work is supported by the National
Science Foundation and the U.S. Deptartment of Energy)
The research interests of the materials chemistry group are in the preparation
and chemical and physical properties of novel inorganic oxide materials,
using in particular soft chemistry (chimie douce) approaches. Much of our effort is targeted at finding new materials for advancing energy storage and production. Recently
we have reported the first layered vanadium and molybdenum oxides
containing organic cations (see figure below), simple layered alkali manganese dioxides formed from the hydrothermal decomposition of permanganates, and hydrothermal synthesis methods for the formation of a group of iron phosphates that are being used as the cathodes in a range of commercial applications.
The chemistry of materials is one of the two areas of chemistry experiencing
the greatest growth at the present time both in academic institutions and
industry. This popularity can be associated with the pervasiveness of solids
throught our lives, from semiconductors through energy storage to geological/biological
systems, and to a number of recent breakthroughs, including high-temperature
inorganics superconductors.
One of our goals is to find new synthetic routes to prepare metastable compounds
that cannot be prepared by traditional techniques. Primary emphasis is on
reacting ions in solution with solids, so that the ions diffuse into the
solids giving, for example, enhanced superconductivity. In many cases it
is possible to form previously unknown open structures, such as layered
VO2, by diffusing ions out of existing structures creating
vacant tunnels or layers in which chemistry may be perfomed or separations/catalysis
carried out.
Another goal is the understanding and exploitation of ionic motion in solids
and its use in electrochromic devices and batteries. Here much emphasis
is on intercalation compounds of the transition metal oxides, AlkxMOy,
where M includes V, Mn, Fe, Mo etc. Closely related is an investigation
of aluminosilicates which can swell in the presence of water and other solvents
and have been implicated as playing a critical role in diagenetic processes.
These compounds are excellent systems for performing chemistry on the molecular
level, and have the potential for revolutionizing the area of nanocomposites.
Intercalation Chemistry eds. M. S. Whittingham and A. J. Jacobson.
(Academic Press, 1984).
Solid State Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage eds. J. B.
Goodenough and M. S. Whittingham, American Chemical Society Symposium Series
#163 (1977).
Chemistry of High Temperature Superconductors eds. D. L. Nelson,
M. S. Whittingham and T. F. George, American Chemical Society Symposium
Series #352 (1987).
Materials Science in Energy Technology eds. G. G. Libowitz and M.
S. Whittingham . (Academic Press, 1979).
Mixed Conductors - Synthesis, Properties and Applications MRS Bulletin,
September 1989.